The hippocampus book oxford neuroscience series 1st. Representations of recent and remote autobiographical. Theoreticians have long viewed the hippocampus as a computational device, with researchers in humans increasingly adopting this perspective, buoyed by recent reports that its role is not limited to declarative memory. The data taken from divergent literatures are shown to converge on the central theme of hippocampal involvement in declarative memory across species and. Using a task known to be sensitive to human amnesia, we have evaluated two current hypotheses about which brain regions must be damagedto producethe disorder. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex in the allocortex, and in primates it is in the medial temporal lobe. The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation the dentate gyrus dg, is actually a separate structure, a tightly packed layer of small granule cells wrapped around the end of the hippocampus proper, forming a pointed wedge in some crosssections, a semicircle in others.
This system acts as the center of emotions, behavior, and memory. There is wide agreement that the hippocampus is necessary for acquiring autobiographical memories, the memories of our personal past experiences, and for their recall in the short. Lesion studies have correlated damage to the hippocampus with impaired navigation ability c. N2 this chapter outlines the anatomy of the hippocampal formation, beginning with issues of nomenclature and definition. With a unique set of unidirectional, excitatory pathways 38.
This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, uptodate account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it and what happens when things go wrong. It is a superbly written synthesis of all scientific advances that have been made in understanding the workings of the hippocampus, from the molecular side to physiology to cognitive function, theories, computational models and human diseases. It is also a contributor to the control of reactions to stress, attention and sexual instincts. The hippocampus book by per andersen 9780195100273. A peculiar feature of the mammalian hippocampus is that it maintains the ability to generate new neurons throughout adult life while most other areas of the brain do not. Hippocampal neuroanatomy 37 david amaral and pierre lavenex 3. However, there is no consensus as to what parts are included. The hippocampus book download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.
Nov 02, 2006 long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. Hippocampal development is affected because, neurogenesis which is the creation of new neurons, takes place in the hippocampus among other places, and seizures caused by epilepsy harm the process. The hippocampal formation is a compound structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The term hippocampal formation is defined to include the dentate gyrus, hippocampal ca fields and subiculum, on one hand, and on the other hand, presubiculum and parasubiculum and entorhinal cortex.
This chapter outlines the anatomy of the hippocampal formation, beginning with issues of nomenclature and definition. The hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved in forming, organizing, and storing memories. The hippocampus is a region of the brain found in all mammals, including humans. The hippocampus lies in the hippocampal sulcus immediately below the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and in cross section coronal has appearances that are reminiscent of a seahorse. It is a limbic system structure that is particularly important in. Proposed functions, biological characteristics, and neurobiological models of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a neural structure in the medial temporal lobe. Designed for medical students studying neuroanatomy for the first time, this book depicts the neurological structure and function of the central nervous system that medical students can digest and understand on their first encounter with the subject. Hippocampus, region of the brain that is associated primarily with memory.
Electrophysiological recording undertaken in live brain slices is one of the most powerful tools for investigating hippocampal cellular and network activities. In the hippocampus book, andersen p, morris r, amaral d, bt, okeefe j, eds. Hippocampus anatomy describes the physical aspects and properties of the hippocampus, a neural structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. Fibers of the socalled perforant pathway take their origin mainly from neurons located in layers ii and iii, although a smaller component of the. There is currently no consensus concerning which brain regions are encompassed by the term, with some authors defining it as the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus proper and the subiculum. The hippocampus is a convex elevation of gray matter tissue within the parahippocampal gyrus inside the inferior temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The hippocampal formation itself is composed of several subregions, which include the cornu ammonis ca14, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum. The neuroscience of the hippocampus experience engineering. It has a distinctive, curved, shape that has been likened to the sea horse monster of greek mythology and the rams horns of amun in egyptian mythology. The hippocampus lies in the hippocampal sulcus immediately below the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and. The cortex thins from six layers to the three or four layers that make up the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a cortical structure with a simpler and more orderly organization than the neocortex. The function of the human hippocampus is a contentious subject among neuroscientists.
Here, we set out a new strategy for discovering the nature of information processing within. The dentate gyrus dg, is actually a separate structure, a tightly packed layer of small granule cells wrapped around the end of the hippocampus proper, forming a pointed wedge in some crosssections, a semicircle in others. Apr 04, 2012 the hippocampus named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the greek. This general layout holds across the full range of mammalian species, from hedgehog to human. Although the hippocampal literature is remarkably informationrich, neuron properties are often reported with incompletely defined and notoriously inconsistent terminology, creating a formidable challenge for. Monkeyswith bilateral transections ofthewhitematter temporalstem wereunimpaired, butmonkeyswith conjointamygdalahippocampal. This book aims to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy. The data taken from divergent literatures are shown to converge on the central theme of hippocampal involvement in declarative memory across species and across behavioral paradigms. The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory and higher cognitive functions, and its dysfunction has been implicated in various neuropathological disorders. The hippocampus book edited by per andersen, richard morris, david amaral, tim bliss and john okeefe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience.
A variety of anatomical alterations have been reported in the hippocampal formation of patients with alzheimers disease ad and these alterations have been. Here, we have used stereological methods to compare the overall density of synapses and neurons between nonsclerotic and sclerotic hippocampal tissue obtained by surgical resection from patients with tle. Functions and use of hippocampal history per andersen and others hippocampal neuroanatomy david amaral and pierre lavenex morphological development of the hippocampus michael frotscher and laszlo seress structure and functional properties of hippocampal neurons nelson spruston and chris mcbain synaptic function dimitri. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain.
Systems genetic analysis of hippocampal neuroanatomy and. The hippocampus book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This book offers an uptodate account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it, and what happens when things go wrong. These may have influenced the hippocampus indirectly via the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, but the report back is largely direct and technically nonreciprocal. It has a distinctive, curved shape that has been likened to the seahorse monster of greek mythology and the rams horns of amun in egyptian mythology. Amaral d, lavenex p 2006 hippocampal neuroanatomy, chapter 3. Dentate gyrus the dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It compares and contrasts the picture of hippocampal. The hippocampus book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about. The hippocampus book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists. Hippocampal neuroanatomy david amaral and pierre lavenex morphological development of the hippocampus michael frotscher and laszlo seress structural and functional properties of hippocampal neurons nelson spruston and chris mcbain synaptic function dimitri kullmann molecular mechanisms of synaptic function in the. By contrast, there is less consensus about the hippocampal role in recollection of autobiographical memories that are more remote. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from shortterm memory to longterm memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. Frontiers a stereological study of synapse number in the.
This study provides evidence that the mammillary bodies provide important information for the headdirection cells but. It comprises a set of complex structures anatomically divided into the limbic cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal formation, dentate gyrus, hippocampus. The term hippocampal formation is used to refer to the hippocampus proper and its related parts. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, uptodate account. The limbic system is vital for ones normal functioning. There continues to be some interest in hippocampal olfactory responses, particularly the role of the hippocampus in memory for odors, but few people believe today that olfaction is its primary function. After it learns to do this, the rewarded side is reversed and it must then learn to respond to the object on the right. The hippocampus book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The major input to the dentate gyrus and a prominent input to the hippocampus and the subiculum arise from the entorhinal cortex. Hippocampal neuroanatomy, in andersen p, morris r, amaral d, bliss t, okeefe j. Connections of the entorhinal cortex with the hippocampal formation.
The name hippocampus is latin and translates to horse sea monster, it was given this name due to the region. Additional support is drawn from observations concerning the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the hippocampal system. Hippocampal lesions also produce severe deficits on spatial reversals but not object reversals. It plays a role in information processing and the reproductive cycle and is involved in alzheimer disease. Hippocampal sclerosis is the most frequent pathology encountered in resected mesial temporal structures from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy tle. This book aims to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. The hippocampus receives input from and sends output to the rest of the brain via a structure known as the entorhinal cortex, which is located beneath the anterior frontal region of the hippocampus.
In the spatial reversal task, the animal is first rewarded for choosing the left one of two identical objects. Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system the mit press. The hippocampus proper can clearly be divided into two major regions, a largecelled proximal region and a smallercelled distal region. The name hippocampus is derived from the greek hippokampus hippos, meaning horse, and kampos, meaning sea monster, since the structures shape resembles that of a sea horse. Monkeyswith bilateral transections ofthewhitematter temporalstem wereunimpaired, butmonkeyswith conjointamygdala hippocampal. The hippocampus, which is located in the inner medial region of the temporal lobe, forms part of the limbic system, which is. The hippocampus named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the greek. The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brains medial temporal lobe. The hippocampus can only be seen in dissections as it is concealed by the parahippocampal gyrus. There is no consensus concerning which brain regions are encompassed by the. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years.
This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, uptodate account of what the hippocampus. There is no consensus concerning which brain regions are encompassed by the term, with some authors defining it as the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus proper and the subiculum. The discovery that medial temporal lobe lesions produce amnesia in humans if the lesion extends sufficiently far posteriorly to include the hippocampus forms the keystone of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. In this book, we outline evidence for the functional consequences of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus highlighting a possible role in learning and memory and depression. This study provides evidence that the mammillary bodies provide important information for the headdirection cells but not for the place cells in the hippocampus. Andersen p, morris r, amaral d, bliss t, okeefe j eds the hippocampus book. An allinone resource of information about the hippocampus, this book is a masterly achievement. Hippocampus, model network architecture springerlink. The hippocampus book brings together contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. The latter diffuse hippocampal output systems use cortical white matter and provide hippocampal output directly to nearly all of the limbic lobe and a few other cortical areas.
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